While historian Linda Nicholson sees women’s participation in voluntary associations as activities consistent with the increasing relegation of women’s lives to a separate, “private” sphere in nineteenth-century Europe, historian Katherine Lynch argues that these kinds of activities enabled women to join with one another and to develop a kind of shadow citizenship within civil society, if not the formal state.
请问前半句话中的志愿活动和增加....后面半句怎么理解？还有最后半句if not the formal state是什么作用？
1个回答
后面半句 points out that women's participation in voluntary associations not only signify women's lives in a separate, "private" sphere, but also enabled women to join with one another and form public relations.
if not the formal state --> although not in the form of formal statutory activities (e.g. voting).
